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Which interaction produces rapid cyclogenesis in this framework?

  • A.An upper anomaly coupling with a surface thermal anomaly
  • B.Two upper level anomalies merging into a single larger feature with a correspondingly deeper circulation below
  • C.Friction acting upon an existing vortex
  • D.The radiation of gravity waves away from an initially unbalanced region within the upper troposphere above

Answer: A

When an upper potential vorticity anomaly arrives upstream of a low level warm anomaly, each induces a circulation that reinforces the other and the pair amplifies while remaining tilted against the shear. This is baroclinic instability expressed in potential vorticity language. It explains individual cases far better than a normal mode calculation does. Most errors here come from carrying a result across from a neighbouring case where it does not hold.

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