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Which quantity does the atmosphere dissipate at about two watts per square metre?

  • A.Kinetic energy
  • B.Available potential energy, which is destroyed by the irreversible mixing occurring within the storm tracks
  • C.Latent heat
  • D.Radiative energy, which is absorbed at the surface and re-emitted at a lower temperature into space above

Answer: A

Turbulent friction, mostly in the boundary layer, dissipates the kinetic energy of the general circulation at roughly 2 watts per square metre, which is about one per cent of the absorbed solar radiation. That figure sets the scale of the whole mechanical energy budget. It also gives an upper bound on the wind energy that could in principle be extracted globally. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason.

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