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Which exchange do those crossing surfaces permit?

  • A.Vertical transport only, which requires a diabatic heating to move the air across the isentropic surfaces
  • B.No exchange
  • C.Exchange confined entirely to the tropics, where the tropopause is highest and the surfaces are most tilted
  • D.Quasi-horizontal transport between troposphere and stratosphere

Answer: D

Because a single isentropic surface can lie in the troposphere at low latitudes and in the stratosphere at high latitudes, adiabatic motion along it transports air between the two reservoirs. This isentropic exchange dominates in the extratropics. Slow diabatic ascent through the tropical tropopause is the other route and operates on a much longer timescale. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason.

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