Discussion
Which approach reasons from a model of how a device works?
Answer: B
Model-based diagnosis simulates the correct behaviour of a device from its structure and component models, then localises faults by comparing prediction with observation. It handles novel faults that no rule anticipated, at the cost of needing a model. Rule-based, case-based and connectionist approaches make different trades. The contrast between shallow associations and deep models is the central distinction here. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.
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