Discussion
The stress ratio R in fatigue is defined as
Answer: D
Correct answer: Minimum stress divided by maximum stress
\[ R = \frac{\sigma_{min}}{\sigma_{max}}. \] Fully reversed loading gives \( R = -1 \), loading from zero to a peak gives \( R = 0 \), and a wholly tensile cycle gives a positive \( R \) less than one. It is the standard way of describing where a cycle sits relative to zero, which matters because the mean stress affects the life.
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