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A feedback amplifier's closed-loop gain is 5 per cent high. What is the most likely cause?

  • A.A supply voltage below its nominal value
  • B.A feedback resistor out of tolerance
  • C.An open-loop gain lower than specified
  • D.Insufficient phase margin in the loop

Answer: B

The closed-loop gain is set by the feedback network, so a five per cent error points straight at a resistor rather than at the amplifier. A low open-loop gain would produce a gain slightly low rather than high, and by far less than five per cent if the loop gain is large. Margin and supply affect other behaviour. Feedback transfers the accuracy requirement to the passive network, so it also transfers the blame for an accuracy fault. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.

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