Discussion
Why does a complementary logic gate still consume power at high clock rates?
Answer: C
Each transition moves charge onto or off a capacitance, and that energy is dissipated whatever the resistance in the path, so the power is proportional to capacitance, to the square of the supply voltage and to the frequency. Both devices do conduct briefly during a transition, adding a smaller shoot-through term, but the capacitive term dominates. Thresholds and on-resistance do not depend on frequency. That the power law contains the supply voltage squared is why reducing supply voltages has been the single most effective way of controlling power in digital circuits for forty years.
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