Discussion
What limits how far the threshold voltage can be scaled down?
Answer: A
A lower threshold means the device is never quite off, and the sub-threshold leakage grows exponentially as the threshold falls - so static power returns, which was the very problem the family was chosen to avoid. Oxide thickness, transconductance and the body effect all impose their own constraints but none is the binding one here. The trade is genuinely awkward: a high threshold wastes switching speed and a low one wastes static power, and the optimum has moved as circuits have grown. A limit that reintroduces the problem a technology was adopted to solve is the most instructive kind.
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