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The downwash induced by the trailing vortex system changes the angle of attack seen by a wing section to

  • A.The zero-lift angle of attack alone
  • B.The geometric angle of attack minus the induced angle of attack
  • C.The geometric angle of attack plus the induced angle of attack
  • D.Twice the geometric angle of attack

Answer: B

Downwash tilts the local relative wind downward through the induced angle. The section therefore meets the flow at the effective angle, which is the geometric angle less the induced angle. Because the section responds only to what it actually sees, a finite wing produces less lift than the same section would in two-dimensional flow.

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