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Outboard of the wing tips, beyond the trailing vortex cores, the induced flow is

  • A.Directed spanwise only
  • B.An upwash
  • C.A downwash of the same magnitude as at the centreline
  • D.Zero everywhere

Answer: B

The vortex pair induces downward flow between the tips and upward flow outside them. This upwash is what a trailing aircraft in echelon formation can exploit, and it is the reason migrating birds fly in a V: each bird sits in the upwash field of the one ahead and reduces its own induced drag.

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