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Lifting-line theory becomes unreliable for wings that are

  • A.Made from a symmetric section
  • B.Of low aspect ratio or highly swept
  • C.Of very high aspect ratio and unswept
  • D.Operating at small angles of attack

Answer: B

The theory assumes the flow at each station is locally two-dimensional and that the shed vorticity leaves along the free stream. Both assumptions weaken when the chord is comparable with the span or when sweep introduces strong spanwise flow. Low-aspect-ratio and swept wings therefore need lifting-surface or panel methods instead.

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