Discussion
Which quantity is the internal energy of an ideal gas proportional to?
Answer: C
For an ideal gas the internal energy depends only on temperature, being the specific heat at constant volume multiplied by the absolute temperature. This is why the first law for a gas can be written entirely in terms of temperature and volume changes. Pressure, volume and density all appear in the equation of state but none of them determines the internal energy on its own. Framing the question as which quantity the change acts upon makes the answer follow without calculation.
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