Discussion
For a J-K flip flop, realised using NOR gate, what is the next output state, if present state input J = 1, K = 1 and present state output Q = 1?
Answer: C
The characteristic equation of a J-K flip flop is \(Q_{next} = J\bar{Q} + \bar{K}Q\). With \(J = K = 1\) and \(Q = 1\):
\[ Q_{next} = 1 \cdot 0 + 0 \cdot 1 = 0 \]
When both inputs are 1 the flip flop toggles, so a present output of 1 becomes 0 on the next clock, whether it is built from NAND or NOR gates. The options 1, 2 and 3 are not outputs that a flip flop can have after toggling from 1, since a bit is only 0 or 1, and 1 would mean no change. The answer is 0, option C.
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