Discussion
Larger parallel shortening during folding results in :
Answer: B
Large layer-parallel shortening results in buckling.
When a competent layer embedded in weaker material is compressed parallel to its length, it shortens a little and then becomes unstable and deflects into folds with a characteristic wavelength. This buckling (buckle folding) is the main mechanism for folds formed by shortening along the layering.
Convolute folds are small, contorted folds formed in soft sediment by loading or dewatering, not by tectonic shortening. Fracturing is brittle failure rather than folding, and flow folding happens in very ductile rock where layers have little competence contrast, so the layers do not buckle.
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