Discussion
For detecting the presence of lead (Pb) at microgram level (µg level) in ground water, the recommended analytical instrumental technique will be :
Answer: A
Lead at microgram level in groundwater is best determined by AAS, atomic absorption spectroscopy.
AAS measures the absorption of a characteristic wavelength (283.3 nm or 217.0 nm for lead) by free atoms of the element in a flame or graphite furnace. It is element-specific, sensitive to microgram and, with a graphite furnace, sub-microgram levels, inexpensive and routinely used for heavy metals in water, as in the BIS and APHA standard methods.
NMR studies molecular structure and is not a trace-metal technique. Neutron activation analysis is sensitive but needs a nuclear reactor and is poor for lead. GC-MS analyses volatile organic compounds, not metals.
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