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In frequency modulation the instantaneous frequency deviates

  • A.In proportion to the message amplitude
  • B.In proportion to the message frequency
  • C.In proportion to the integral of the message over time
  • D.In proportion to the square of the message amplitude

Answer: A

The deviation follows the message amplitude, so a louder passage swings the carrier further from its rest frequency while a higher-pitched passage swings it more often. Proportionality to message frequency would describe no useful scheme. Proportionality to the integral is phase modulation, which is why an integrator ahead of a phase modulator produces FM. And a square-law dependence would distort badly. The distinction between which message property sets deviation and which sets its rate is the foundation of everything else in the topic.

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