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Which components set an amplifier's low-frequency limit?

  • A.The series coupling and bypass capacitors
  • B.The junction capacitances of the transistor itself
  • C.The stray wiring capacitance to earth around the stage
  • D.The collector load resistor and the supply decoupling

Answer: A

The low end is set by capacitors in series with the signal, or in parallel with a degeneration resistor, whose reactance grows as the frequency falls until they no longer pass or bypass. Junction and stray capacitances shunt the signal away and so act at the high end instead. The collector resistor sets gain rather than a break frequency. Whether a capacitance is in series or in shunt with the signal path decides which end of the response it governs, and that single distinction accounts for the whole shape of a Bode plot.

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