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What phase shift does a single pole contribute at its break frequency?

  • A.One hundred and eighty degrees
  • B.Forty-five degrees
  • C.Ninety degrees
  • D.Zero degrees

Answer: B

At the break the phase is forty-five degrees, on its way to ninety degrees well beyond it. Zero applies well inside the passband and one hundred and eighty would require two poles, which is exactly why stability analysis counts poles so carefully. Attaching each phase figure to its position relative to the break, rather than learning the three as a bare list, is what makes them usable when a feedback loop's margin has to be assessed.

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