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What total phase shift do two poles approach well beyond both breaks?

  • A.Ninety degrees
  • B.Forty-five degrees
  • C.Three hundred and sixty degrees
  • D.One hundred and eighty degrees

Answer: D

Each pole approaches ninety degrees, so two together approach one hundred and eighty degrees - which is exactly the condition that turns negative feedback into positive and makes an amplifier oscillate. That is why a feedback amplifier's stability depends on how many poles lie below the frequency at which the loop gain falls to unity. The phase count and the slope count are the same count, which is what makes a Bode plot a stability tool rather than merely a description.

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