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Consider the following statements about Bode plots.

1. A pole adds a downward slope of six decibels per octave

2. A zero adds ninety degrees of phase lead

3. The true response is three decibels from the asymptotes at a break

Which of the statements given above is or are correct?

  • A.2 and 3 only
  • B.1 and 3 only
  • C.1, 2 and 3
  • D.1 and 2 only

Answer: C

All three are correct, and between them they are the whole construction: the slope a pole adds, the phase a zero adds, and the worst-case error of the straight-line approximation. Because poles and zeros are exact mirrors of one another, learning one set of rules gives both. A method with a known bounded error is what allows a response to be sketched by hand and still trusted.

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