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The theoretical flame temperature is never reached in practice because of

  • A.incomplete evaporation of the fuel
  • B.dissociation and heat loss to the surroundings
  • C.the excess air deliberately supplied
  • D.the moisture present in the fuel alone

Answer: B

Correct answer: dissociation and heat loss to the surroundings

The theoretical flame temperature assumes complete combustion in an adiabatic vessel. Two things spoil it: at high temperature carbon dioxide and water dissociate back to carbon monoxide, hydrogen and oxygen, absorbing heat, and no real furnace is adiabatic - radiation and conduction remove heat as fast as it is released. Excess air lowers the temperature too, but the theoretical figure is defined without it.

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