Discussion
Which force balances gravity in the vertical on large scales?
Answer: C
Hydrostatic balance states that the upward pressure gradient force per unit mass equals the acceleration due to gravity, and it holds to better than one part in a thousand for all large-scale motion. Buoyancy is precisely the small residual after that balance is removed, so it cannot be the balancing term itself. Coriolis acting on horizontal wind gives a vertical component far too small to matter, and centrifugal effects are absorbed into effective gravity. The balance is what makes pressure usable as a vertical coordinate.
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