Discussion
Which combination is meant by effective gravity?
Answer: D
The gravity we measure is the vector sum of Newtonian gravitational attraction and the outward centrifugal acceleration of the rotating Earth, which is why it points slightly away from the geocentre except at the poles and the equator. The Earth's equatorial bulge is itself the equilibrium response to this combination, so effective gravity is perpendicular to the geopotential surfaces everywhere. Crustal density variations, buoyancy and air drag produce much smaller effects that are not part of the definition.
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