Discussion
Which force is confined mainly to the lowest kilometre of the atmosphere?
Answer: C
Turbulent stress transmits the drag of the surface upward through the planetary boundary layer, typically the lowest kilometre, and above that the free atmosphere is very nearly frictionless. Coriolis, pressure gradient and gravity all act at every level. The confinement of friction is what produces the characteristic cross-isobaric flow near the ground, the convergence into surface lows and the Ekman spiral, none of which has any counterpart in the free atmosphere above.
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