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Which effect does adding water vapour have on density at fixed temperature and pressure?

  • A.The density falls only above the temperature at which the saturation vapour pressure becomes appreciable
  • B.The density falls
  • C.The density rises, since water is a heavier substance than the nitrogen and oxygen it is displacing there
  • D.The density is unchanged

Answer: B

Water molecules have a molecular mass of 18 against the mean of 29 for dry air, so replacing some dry air molecules with water molecules at fixed pressure and temperature lowers the density. This is why virtual temperature exceeds actual temperature. The effect is significant for convective buoyancy in the tropics and is one of the more counterintuitive results in the subject. Reading the definition literally, rather than recalling a formula, is the reliable route through questions of this shape.

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