Discussion
The Schaefer-Hartshorne debate of the 1950s brought about a distinctive shift in emphasis from ........ .
Answer: A
The debate shifted the emphasis from areal integration to spatial integration.
Richard Hartshorne had defined geography as the study of areal differentiation: the unique integration of features within each area, an idiographic approach. Fred Schaefer's paper Exceptionalism in Geography (1953) attacked this and called for a nomothetic, law-seeking geography concerned with spatial relationships. The debate opened the way to the quantitative revolution and spatial science.
The shift was not from physical to human geography, nor between determinism and possibilism or humanism and radicalism, which belong to other debates.
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