Discussion
Polar flattening is determined by using .................
(1) Equatorial radius
(2) Polar radius
(3) Polar axis
Answer: C
Polar flattening is determined by using only (1) and (2), the equatorial and polar radii.
Flattening (ellipticity) measures how much the Earth bulges at the equator:
\[ f = \frac{a - b}{a} \approx \frac{1}{298} \]
where a is the equatorial radius (about 6,378 km) and b the polar radius (about 6,357 km). Both radii are needed, so options using only one of them fail. The polar axis is simply twice the polar radius and adds nothing the polar radius does not already give.
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