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Swelling ground in a tunnel arises where the rock contains

  • A.montmorillonite or anhydrite
  • B.quartz and orthoclase feldspar in equal measure
  • C.coarse interlocking crystals of fresh olivine
  • D.no clay minerals or sulphates of any kind

Answer: A

Correct answer: montmorillonite or anhydrite

Both take up water and expand. Montmorillonite is the swelling clay mineral of smectite clays and shales, and anhydrite hydrates to gypsum with a large volume increase. Either can generate pressures capable of destroying a rigid lining, so swelling ground is dealt with either by a yielding support or by keeping water away from it.

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