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A sudden inrush of water into a tunnel face is most likely on encountering

  • A.a granite mass entirely free of jointing
  • B.a horizon of dense unweathered dolerite
  • C.a fault zone or a karst conduit
  • D.a thick bed of unfractured massive shale

Answer: C

Correct answer: a fault zone or a karst conduit

Both are concentrated pathways for groundwater: a fault zone is crushed and permeable along its length, and a karst conduit is an open dissolution channel that may carry the drainage of a wide area. Unfractured massive rock holds little water and yields it slowly, so the danger is the discontinuity rather than the rock.

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