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What is being advected into a layer where the wind backs with height?

  • A.No turning
  • B.A turn of exactly ninety degrees between the base of the layer and the level at which it ends above
  • C.Backing
  • D.Veering, which is a turn in the clockwise sense as height increases through the layer being examined

Answer: C

A wind backing with height in the northern hemisphere places the thermal wind to the left of the lower level wind, and with cold air on the left of the thermal wind this means cold air is being advected into the layer. Veering indicates the opposite. In the southern hemisphere the rule reverses along with the sign of \( f \), which is worth stating explicitly since the mnemonic is usually quoted for the north alone.

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