Discussion
A forecaster measures a contour spacing on a 500 hectopascal chart at 45 degrees north and computes a geostrophic wind of 40 metres per second, but the contours curve sharply cyclonically.
What should be expected of the actual wind?
Answer: B
Cyclonic curvature makes the gradient wind subgeostrophic, so the actual wind will fall short of the geostrophic estimate, typically by ten to twenty per cent for a sharply curved trough. Gradient wind scales on plotting tools apply exactly this correction. Temperature does not enter because pressure is the vertical coordinate, and the sense of the correction is opposite to that stated in the second option.
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