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Which quantity measures how far a flow departs from gradient wind balance?

  • A.The Richardson number
  • B.The ratio of the ageostrophic wind to the geostrophic wind at the level being examined on the chart
  • C.The residual of the three-force balance
  • D.The Rossby number, which compares the inertial acceleration against the Coriolis acceleration exactly

Answer: C

Evaluating the three terms and taking their sum gives the net unbalanced force, which is what accelerates the parcel. The Rossby number indicates whether balance is likely rather than measuring the departure in a particular case. The Richardson number concerns stratification and shear, and the ageostrophic ratio measures departure from geostrophic rather than from gradient balance, which is a different question.

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