Discussion
Which conclusion follows from the speed of geostrophic adjustment?
Answer: A
Because imbalance is radiated away within hours while the balanced flow evolves over days, the atmosphere spends almost all of its time close to balance. This justifies balanced models such as the quasi-geostrophic system and explains why unbalanced initial conditions ruined Richardson's forecast. Gravity waves carry the adjustment but little of the energy, and friction remains important on its own longer timescale.
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