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Which construction gives the wind at an upper level from the surface wind?

  • A.Rotating the surface wind through the cross-isobaric angle appropriate to the roughness of the surface
  • B.Taking the geometric mean of the surface wind and the wind observed at the top of the boundary layer
  • C.Adding the thermal wind vector to the surface geostrophic wind
  • D.Multiplying the surface wind by the ratio of the densities at the two levels being considered here

Answer: C

The thermal wind is by definition the vector difference between the geostrophic winds at two levels, so adding it to the lower level wind gives the upper level wind. Drawing this triangle on a chart is the classical way of estimating upper winds from a surface analysis and a thickness field. The density ratio and the cross-isobaric rotation address quite different questions, and no averaging construction gives the correct result. The quantity that varies and the quantity that does not are worth naming before any substitution is attempted.

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