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Samuel Huntington's Clash of Civilizations" argued that the principal patterns of conflict and co-operation in the world were shaped by :

  • A.Nation States
  • B.Political Leadership
  • C.Nationalism
  • D.Culture

Answer: D

Huntington argued that the patterns were shaped by culture.

In 'The Clash of Civilizations?' (1993) and the book that followed (1996), Samuel Huntington argued that after the Cold War the main source of conflict and co-operation would be neither ideology nor economics but culture: people would identify with broad civilisations, such as Western, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu and Orthodox, defined by religion, language and history. The fault lines between civilisations would be the battle lines of the future.

He explicitly downplayed nation states, political leadership and nationalism as the primary drivers, so those options miss his thesis.

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