Discussion
Steady flow condition in a confined aquifer occurs when:
Answer: B
Steady flow occurs when the rate of recharge is equal to the rate of groundwater discharge.
Steady flow means the hydraulic head at every point stays constant in time. By continuity, the change in storage of the aquifer equals inflow minus outflow, so the storage, and with it the head, stays fixed only when recharge exactly balances discharge.
If recharge exceeds discharge, the aquifer gains storage and the piezometric surface rises; if it is less, the aquifer loses storage and the head falls. Either way the flow is unsteady. Pumping beyond the safe yield is a case of discharge exceeding recharge, which mines the aquifer and gives a continuously falling head.
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