Discussion
Sulphate attack on hardened concrete damages it by
Answer: D
Correct answer: forming expansive compounds with the aluminate phase
Sulphate reaching the paste reacts with the calcium aluminate hydrates to form ettringite, which occupies a much greater volume than the phases it replaces, so the paste expands and cracks from within. The defences follow from the chemistry: a sulphate-resisting cement low in tricalcium aluminate, or a low permeability that keeps the sulphate out in the first place.
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