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Which situation makes hydrostatic balance invalid?

  • A.Deep convection in a thunderstorm updraught
  • B.A mid-latitude cyclone whose horizontal extent is several thousand kilometres across the weather chart
  • C.A jet stream
  • D.A stationary anticyclone with very light winds persisting for several days over a continental interior

Answer: A

The balance requires the horizontal scale of the motion to greatly exceed its vertical scale, and in a convective updraught only a few kilometres wide but ten deep that condition fails. Vertical accelerations of order a metre per second squared then occur. This is why convection permitting models must solve non-hydrostatic equations while global models traditionally did not. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.

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