Discussion
Which difficulty does the sigma coordinate introduce over steep terrain?
Answer: C
On a steeply sloping sigma surface the horizontal pressure gradient is computed as the difference between two terms each much larger than their difference, so truncation error can produce a spurious wind. Hybrid coordinates that become pressure surfaces aloft were developed partly for this reason. Mass conservation and the diagnosis of vertical motion are unaffected. Working one numerical case through both cases side by side fixes the distinction better than any rule of thumb.
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