Discussion
Which processes make observed updraughts weaker than parcel theory predicts?
Answer: D
Mixing with cooler drier environmental air dilutes the buoyancy, and the weight of suspended condensate acts as an additional load, so real updraughts fall well short of the undiluted parcel value. Both effects are represented in convective parameterisation schemes through entrainment rates and condensate loading terms. Radiation and Coriolis effects are negligible on convective timescales.
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