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Which term describes the mixing of environmental air into a rising plume?

  • A.Entrainment
  • B.Detrainment, which is instead the expulsion of cloudy air outward into the surrounding environment at the top
  • C.Advection
  • D.Diffusion, in which the transfer occurs through the random motion of individual molecules across the boundary

Answer: A

Entrainment brings environmental air into the updraught, diluting its buoyancy and its moisture, while detrainment expels cloudy air outward near the top. The two together determine the vertical profile of mass flux in a convective plume. Getting the entrainment rate right is one of the central difficulties of convective parameterisation and a persistent source of model error.

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