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Match each heterogeneous ice nucleation mode with its description.
List I
A. Deposition
B. Condensation freezing
C. Immersion freezing
D. Contact freezing
List II
1. a particle already inside a droplet initiates freezing
2. vapour deposits directly as ice on a particle
3. a particle collides with a supercooled droplet
4. a droplet forms then freezes on the same particle

  • A.A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
  • B.A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
  • C.A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
  • D.A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3

Answer: C

The four modes differ in whether the particle is inside, outside or acting on vapour directly. Immersion freezing is generally regarded as the most important of them in mixed phase clouds. The four modes differ markedly in their temperature dependence.

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