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Contact freezing occurs when

  • A.a particle already suspended within a droplet triggers freezing
  • B.vapour deposits directly onto an aerosol particle as ice
  • C.two ice crystals collide and stick together
  • D.a particle collides with the surface of a supercooled droplet

Answer: D

The collision itself initiates freezing at a warmer temperature than immersion would. Contact nucleation is efficient per event but is limited by how often such collisions actually occur. Collision rates in a cloud are low, so the mode contributes modestly.

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