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Consider the following statements about immersion freezing.
1. The nucleating particle is already inside the droplet.
2. It is widely regarded as the dominant mode in mixed phase clouds.
3. It requires the particle to strike the droplet from outside.

  • A.1 and 2 only
  • B.3 only
  • C.1 only
  • D.All of them

Answer: A

The first two are correct and describe the mode. The third describes contact freezing instead, which is a different mechanism with a different temperature dependence. Distinguishing the modes matters for parameterising ice formation.

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