Discussion
Shale is a difficult foundation material chiefly because it is
Answer: D
Correct answer: weak, and liable to slake and soften on wetting
Shale is weak to begin with and, being made of clay minerals, it slakes when wetted - breaking down into chips and then into mud, and losing much of what strength it had. Freshly exposed shale in an excavation may deteriorate within days, so it is protected immediately with shotcrete or a blinding layer, and its long-term strength must be assessed in the softened condition.
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