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The concept of Ṛṇa as enshrined in the Vedas, which of the following is not a part of it ?

  • A.Deva Ṛṇa
  • B.Pitṛ Ṛṇa
  • C.Ṛṣi Ṛṇa
  • D.Manushya Ṛṇa

Answer: D

The one not part of the Vedic concept is Manushya Ṛṇa.

The Vedic texts (for example the Taittirīya Saṃhitā) say every person is born with three debts: to the gods (deva ṛṇa), repaid by sacrifice; to the sages (ṛṣi ṛṇa), repaid by Vedic study; and to the ancestors (pitṛ ṛṇa), repaid by begetting offspring.

A debt to humanity (manuṣya ṛṇa), repaid by hospitality, appears in later lists of five, but it is not one of the three Vedic ṛṇas.

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