Discussion
The Constitution can be amended in three ways. Which of these requires ratification by half the state legislatures?
Answer: D
Correct answer: Changing the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the states
Amendments touching the federal structure require, in addition to the special majority in each House, ratification by the legislatures of not less than half the states, by simple majority. The provisions concerned are listed in the proviso to Article 368: the election of the President and the manner of that election; the extent of the executive power of the Union and of the states; the Supreme Court and the High Courts; the distribution of legislative powers; any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule; the representation of states in Parliament; and Article 368 itself. There is no time limit for ratification and no requirement that the states ratify in any order. The other three options fall in the categories that do not need it. Creating a new state and changing citizenship provisions can be done by ordinary law under Articles 3 and 11 respectively, and are not amendments at all. Changing judges’ salaries requires the special majority alone.
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