Discussion
STATEMENT :
P > J ≥ V = D > L ≤ C
CONCLUSION I : P > C
CONCLUSION II : D ≥ C
CONCLUSION III : L < P
CONCLUSION IV : J > L
Answer: D
Correct answer: Only III and IV are true
The chain is \[ P > J \ge V = D > L \le C. \] It descends steadily from P to L and then turns upward again at L, so L is the low point and C is cut off from everything to its left.
I. \( P > C \): C is reached only through the reversal at L, so nothing fixes it against P. Not determined.
II. \( D \ge C \): the same break, one link nearer. Not determined.
III. \( L < P \): the whole run \( P > J \ge V = D > L \) points one way and contains strict links, so \( P > L \). True.
IV. \( J > L \): the same run, started one element later - \( J \ge V = D > L \) - still with a strict link in it. True.
III and IV hold and the two conclusions involving C do not.
Two rules settle every question of this kind. A conclusion follows only when an unbroken chain of links runs between its two elements all pointing the same way; and the chain is strict if it contains at least one strict link, weak if every link is weak.
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