Discussion
What is generalised modus ponens?
Answer: D
Lifting the rule to first order logic requires the antecedent of the implication and the known fact to be unified rather than being identical, which is what forward and backward chaining over definite clauses use. It is sound and complete for definite clauses. The other options describe different extensions. Adding unification to a propositional rule, so that it applies to variables, is the same lifting that produces first order resolution. Framing the question as which quantity the change acts upon makes the answer follow without calculation.
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