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What is a certificate in the context of a solver's output?

  • A.A statement that the solver has been tested and approved
  • B.A record of the resources the solver consumed while running
  • C.A guarantee from the vendor about the solver's correctness
  • D.Evidence a third party can check independently

Answer: D

A satisfying assignment or a refutation proof lets the answer be confirmed without trusting the tool that produced it, which is what a certificate means. Testing, resource records and vendor guarantees are quite different assurances and much weaker. Designing a system to emit checkable evidence, rather than asking to be believed, is an idea whose applicability extends far beyond automated reasoning.

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